Visual analusis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual analusis - Essay Example There are beautiful pictures of the Island, which give off a very refreshing feel. Water is shown mostly as it is the main attraction for people, while volcanic mountains are another great attraction and they are showcased too. The pictures are about people having the time of their lives. These images appeal to the fun side of people, showing them the various activities they can participate in. It gives the idea of being close to nature and having as much fun as one wants. However, this is not all the island has to offer, there are other things that are equally important and the one thing that is evident everywhere is the Hawaiian culture. A detailed account of the history of Hawaii is also present on the website to make it easier for people to view ("Hawaiian Islands"). The videos present on the website are up to date and they promote the culture, informing the people about the various spots that should be visited. They let people know about the specialities of Hawaii, convincing them to visit the place. For this purpose, these videos are also made at spots that are very beautiful and serene. The basic thing that is being focusses upon is the peacefulness –as there are beaches to relax on and various spas for massages. It is supposed to be a get-away from the hectic routine and this is exactly what this campaign portrays. Water plays a major role in this. It portrays a very soothing picture and gives a "visual breadth of space" that in turn provides openness and peace to the mind (Keane and Ohashi 150-151). The intended idea is for people to realize that for a certain period of time they will be surrounded by the tranquility of the exotic landscape and culture of Hawaii that will make them forget all their problems and enjoy to the fullest. People can listen to the stories present in the video section of the website and become more confident about choosing Hawaii as a spot for vacations ("Hawaiian Islands"). The text is easy to read, and is

Lefebvre's Ideas about Social Space Imply a Re-Evaluation of the Role Essay

Lefebvre's Ideas about Social Space Imply a Re-Evaluation of the Role of Graffiti in the Politics of City and Urban Life - Essay Example There exists a long history of various cultures leaving symbols and writings of their experiences from the age of the Pharaoh’s Pyramids to Hadrian’s Wall, the Byzantium Empire, and the middle ages. However, it is only half a century ago when graffiti started being linked to the culture of the urban youth as well as the political beliefs of the social movements of the 1960s. Graffiti writers from New York and Philadelphia began to create new and innovative styles with new materials and writing styles. They also made use of increasing spaces in the urban areas. Graffiti soon grew to be a global phenomenon. It is now a common sight in numerous urban areas all over the world. It adorns or disfigures public areas, depending on the viewpoint of the person analysing the works. Graffiti has sometimes been viewed as a disfigurement of the city walls. However, many people simply consider it is a modern way used by the youth to express their viewpoints. Henri Lefebvre separated s pace into three groups: representations of space, spatial practice, and representational space. According to his ideas, every piece of art that is included in the public space will slowly integrate itself into that space, and frequently ends up being a part of that very public space in such a way that it cannot be separated from that place. The import of public art lies in the fact that the more it is integrated, the more effectual the public space will be made, and then both its functional and representative aspects are confirmed. Its importance is also found in its political as well as activist functions, since public art usually denotes the significance of public space. Any work of art that is in the public space tends to acquire its significance when it is recognised as a part of the public. The art works that created in and for the public space, for instance graffiti, are the types of artwork that take into account the framework of urban. They are deemed to be a part of the civ ic realm as they are meant for the public spaces as well as the citizens of the location in which they were created. In that sense, they cannot be differentiated from their public spaces, where by integrating themselves in the public space, they create the identity of that area. It is a common thing for citizens who live near areas that are filled with graffiti start to identify the area by the different drawings on the public walls. The aspect of the ‘lived’ dealt with the third branch of Lefebvre’s triad in comprehending the social space, where he associates it with the representational space. The representational space speaks to the more unstructured and intimate interactions of citizens in its surroundings. Whereas human interventions such as graffiti are delineate the connection that the citizens have with their capital, the theory of Lefebvre’s triad goes further in illuminating that the notion of ‘lived’ has an inclination of going to t he scheme of non-verbal symbols. In that sense, Lefebvre affirmed that this concept stimulates the imaginations that citizens who view them have about themselves (Zukin, 1995). Lefebvre’s theory explored new methods of comprehending of the prevailing procedures of urbanisation, as well as the conditions and outcomes on any scale of the public reality; whether from the operations of daily life, through the municipal scale, to the international flows of capital, people, ideas, and information (Lefebvre, 1996). Concurrently, this premise has the potential to connect urban design and research operations because of its programmatic investigation of the connection between the critique of urbanism, the urban study, and the visualisation of a new kind of

The Effectiveness Of Community Policing

The Effectiveness Of Community Policing After careful analysis of several gathered qualitative studies and views from police officers, politicians, and designated community members, all of which are fluent with the method of community policing, one should conclude that not only the community understands what community policing is, but the community also understands how and why it was implemented, and how it can be measured by its effectiveness to show a continuing pattern; it is a program and method that will continue to change and evolve with newer adaptations and strategies in the future. With the implementation of community policing in Canada, the community has undertaken a general insight of what it is and how it works, however the apparent identity of this new endeavor is misinterpreted and has caused confusion amongst community members as to how it is a visible and usable aspect to the typical policing style in Canada and the United States. There has also been debates regarding the actual implementation of this polic ing method throughout the various communities who have adopted this method; some of the more common concerns are based on measured effectiveness and appropriate use can the police actually use this model effectively? The intelligent answer to this question would not be to look at statistics and studies, but to look at the effective ways this policing technique has been acknowledged by the community; furthermore, understanding what the main goal and definition that community policing carries with its title and reputation, will help further the knowledge and understanding of how it is to be measured and documented in a formal study. The underlining statement is that community policing must not be looked at as a statistic or applicable data entry, but an object that helps the community and policing services provided across the nation to adapt to the ever-changing community needs and demands of todays society. An approach on how to define community policing, so that everyone may understand and benefit from the method, has been defined as, depending on community involvement, community policing is the best way to engage a community and invites its members to participate in law enforcement. (U.S Department of Justice, 2002) The idea behind this concept of community policing is mainly to have the community involved actively with the police, to strive towards a main goal of prevention. The perception of this policing style or method would be commonly seen as confusing, or an undermined effort to help the community (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009); these 3 different categories split the confusion of community policing up into: Team Policing, where an emphasized pattern of round-the-clock policing in a specific geographic location takes effect (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009); Police-Community relation, this is generally geared towards having the community place their input on where the deviant places are an d where a program such as CPTED'(Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) would be most effective to preventing crime (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009); the final cause of confusion lies within crime prevention itself; crime prevention is the general meaning of crime being prevented in high-risk geographical situations (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). Public perception was arguably one of the most important factors in establishing a strong definition of what community policing was going to do for the community itself; with the ever-growing ethnic diversity throughout the Western World (North America), there is a need to view the police positively (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). With attitudes in mind, one should realize the utmost importance of how diverse the populous is and its ever-changing subgroup of people, and focusing on why they have conflicting perceptions of the police and the new styles of policing, such as community policing, In dealing with community problems (Benedict, 2000). O vertime the community would both agree and disagree with this particular method involving community policing however, this would be explored and explained through the actual implementation of community policing; the grasp of what the definition of community policing is slowly getting stronger over time with the inclusion of more and more evidence and community participation; ultimately leading a path towards total community participation in crime prevention. Community policing as a whole has had its ups and downs throughout the beginning stages of its implementation, this period of certainty and effectiveness continues today with several studies and debates. Before examining the actual effectiveness of community policing, one ought to review the several dynamic and static ways that community policing strategies and programs were implemented throughout modern societies. In the start of the new style of policing (community policing) there was much hesitance to implement such a venture simply because of the feelings from officers and the hierarchical centralized bureaucracies that are often resistant to change (Chappell, 2009) in policing styles. Allison T. Chappell argues that in order for community policing to be implemented and carried out effectively the officers who use it, must overcome any centralized opinions or views that were taught to them originally (2009). The general idea behind community policing is to step away from the norm al style or traditional style of policing, and move to decentralizing the more common theme of policing styles. Generic studies have tried repeatedly to relate effectiveness with implementation of community policing; the simple fact is that community policing has many faces to its identity and cannot always be identified as an immediate community policing method. Common perspectives and points of view from officers who use the community policing style vary from culture, race, gender and education level, but mainly follow the same systematic approach with the way their specific community is constantly changing from day to day. (Vivian B. Lord, 2008) Research has shown that women and people of a more ethnic background are more tuned into using the community style policing (Vivian B. Lord, 2008); people with higher levels of education are also more likely to resort to using community policing methods due to their nature with higher education and further knowledge on subjects such as so cial interaction (Vivian B. Lord, 2008). A step taken by police forces prior to the implementation of community policing, was analyzing their officers attitudes and thoughts on how an everyday or typical task should be carried out; this ultimately leads to discovering how that particular police department should implement community policing, and furthering the study to the officer, on which type of community policing style would be best fit. (Vivian B. Lord, 2008) Simple steps for implementing policing styles such as community policing, average 8 steps from start to finish: the first step comes from the performance gap identifying such issues as why homicides occur are examples of just attacking the problem, police departments and services need to realize this method and overcome it with details as to where this department is, and how its community policing program should look like (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). The following step includes the police services and community recognizing a need for change having police officers and community members realize that implementing a community style policing is a new aspect and needs time to overtake the traditional style of policing; this causes the confusion between whether or not community policing is effective. The realization that community policing is now the new style is the second step to making sure community policing is effective (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). Step three involves creating a proper climate for change the steps involved in making sure this main step is followed through is applying a selling point or a prize-like offering for the new method and what it has to bring; this way officers and police services will be more likely to conform and accept the change in policing style (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). The fourth step involves bring in what step 2 had; diagnosing the problem this step itself is to bring the community and police together to evaluate what needs to be done in order to achieve its success in crime prevention (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009) The fifth and sixth step both coincide with each other in the ways of identifying alternative strategies and selecting the proper strategy the first part of these steps is reviewing the current strategy of policing, and then looking towards other alternatives to what can be changed; the second aspect of these steps is selecting the more appropriate strategy that can be used to influence a positive reaction of impleme nting community policing (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). Step seven uses community policing and the objectives of community policing by decentralizing the formal structure of policing and using more common terms such as thinking outside the box and being creative with ideas, when preparing for the implementation of this policing method (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). The final step in the implementation of community policing is mainly based around evaluating the program and understanding how it works, how it has worked, and how it will work. Understanding these concepts will help produce an accurate way to measure the effectiveness and will also give an understanding as to what should be done to the current style of community policing in regards to changing and shaping it to what the community actually requires/needs to focus on. (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009) The question of whether or not community policing works and can it be measured is constantly being asked by communities, politicians, and even police services who employ or use the community policing method. The simple breakdown of this question leads to the answer that community policing does work and in ways the community has to realize before jumping to a conclusion that it is strictly data that provides concrete evidence. The more common way to reveal how community policing works is to ask and review the answers that a community member would reveal about the topic; examples of this are seen throughout Canada where community policing is a prioritized goal of that particular region or department. In Edmonton, the Edmonton Police Service offers, an exclusive opportunity for individuals with professional or personal interest in community policing to acquire knowledge on police issues, practices and operations in the City of Edmonton. (Edmonton Police Service, 2010) The community prog ram offers several different training requirements to be an active member of a unit involved with community policing, which in the police service located in Edmonton, works on a daily basis and is ever changing. Another city in Canada, Cornwall, Ontario, has had a history of effectiveness with community policing, nearly 2 decades of community oriented policing strategies, in which community involvement has been a key factor in the constant reduction in crime since 1992 (Cornwall Community Police Service, 2010). Measuring effectiveness of community policing extends well past the statistical attributes, and can go as far as the types of programs that have been successful from the beginning and those particular programs that continue to evolve; examples of programs that are community policing oriented and that have spawned from this method, are programs such as CPTED and Drive Wise. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is the single most successful and most recognizabl e form of community policing in todays community. This program itself not only takes in the fundamental basics and requirements for what particular communities need, but the communities that have issues, this program takes in the input and uses that input to change and shape the environment that in the end will help reduce if not eliminate crime in certain areas (Crowe, 2010). In Port Stanley, Ontario, they use community policing methods as the primary tool in their policing and community policing activities; these methods have proved time and time again that community styled and based policing is an effective method of preventing crimes. Port Stanleys community has taken a pro-active approach on crime prevention, and using one of their more notable accomplishments, Port Stanley can show the real effectiveness of community policing: Helped shut down a local drug labà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the local Community Policing officer to the scene, resulting in charges laid against two people. (Magin nis, 2009) Further statistics that show a significant reduction in crime come from this township again; Port Stanley, back in 1993 had roughly 407 reported crimes in that year (Maginnis, 2009). Looking further through the statistics posted, one should conclude that community policing does take time. Port Stanleys community policing efforts took a 5 year period to reduce crime by nearly 27%, and then continuing to adapt different styles of community policing and eventually leading to an outstanding 66% crime reduction rate over 15years and counting (Maginnis, 2009). This is just a small example of how community policing, given time, can evolve and grow into a great and effective way of policing and crime prevention, given the tools, knowledge, and participation in all. Throughout the analysis of how community policing has been defined, implemented, while facing attitudes from officers, communities and politicians alike, community policing has had long lasting effect, pending the several different aspects of acceptance, implementation, and measured effectiveness. The overall effectiveness is still a young and vulnerable statistic that can be shaped to favor either argument on does it work, however, granting community policing a large enough time span within a decade and with resources to help fund both the police services and communities working together with this method, will eventually lead to a statistical representation and data that is able to accurately show the documented success of community policing and its several programs. Further education amongst the community and police services that do acquire and employ this modern style of policing, is most definitely required to ensure the continuation of how to adapt to the ever-changing community , especially to communities with a diverse cultural background. In the United States, a congressional district representative, Alan Mollohan, mentions that community policing has influenced a significant crime rate drop since 1993 to 2002, this was solely due to the efforts of such programs such as COPS.(Mollohan, 2003) Final reviews on the effectiveness and whether or not the community understands what community policing is, depends on how the policing style was delivered, assessed, and administered; after all, community policing is only possible when the community is a part of the solution.

Tsunamis Essay -- Tsunamis Natural Disasters Nature Essays

Tsunamis Table of Contents  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 Introduction:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Impact to human life:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Impact to Non-human life:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Impact to the Environment:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 Impact to the Economy:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 American Red Cross Assistance:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 Conclusion:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 Bibliography:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Introduction: A massive Tsunami (Japanese for â€Å"Harbor wave†) had hit southern Asia the day after Christmas 2004. The cause of the Tsunami was an offshore earthquake that results in the tectonic plates being displaced and the creation of a vertical shift in the ocean floor. This vertical shift lead to a large volume of water being uplifted and turned to create a huge wave that traveled up to 300 miles per hour, gradually slowing as it reached the shore. At that time, people in the coastal areas were not aware of the terror that they were about to endure. They received no warnings of the tsunami. Unfortunately, 10 meters of the wave caught many people by surprise, as they looked dumfounded when the ocean engulfed them whole. To date this disaster is believed to have killed over three hundred thousand people, marking itself as one of the most devastating Tsunamis ever. The waves from the Tsunami destroyed everything in their path and drowned most innocent living things with it. It has now been concluded that the earthquake, which caused this Tsunami, was probably twice as strong as originally estimated - a magnitude 9.15 instead of 9.0. Much of the slippage along the fault is believed to have taken place as much as a half an hour after the initial quake and continued up to three hours afterward. Additionally, it is feared that earthquake could continue to affect the region for many years and could trigger more large quakes (Eric P H Yap, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is believed that some areas were harder hit, by the Tsunami’s strength, than others due to coastal commercial development. The development of coastal areas damages or totally destroys much of the surrounding coral reefs. Certain areas, such as in the Maldives, still have a network of coral reefs and intact mangroves that may have protected the island from the open sea. "Poorly planned coastal development has compounded the impact of the tsunami," said Mubariq Ahmad, Head of WWF Indonesia. "It is vital that we don't make the mistakes of the past. We need to rebuild in a sustainable and safe way (Le Tourneau Gore, 2005).† Impact to human life: Th... ... MESBAHI of Share The World s Resource s (STWR). "The tsunami and Brandt Report :[1 Edition]. " Papua - New Guinea Post - Courier 7 February 2005. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest. "UN: Rehabilitation of severely affected mangroves would help speed recovery from tsunami, says food and agriculture organization. " M2 Presswire 20 January 2005. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest. Rinne, Pasi et al. After the Tsunami: Rapid Environmental Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Eric Bellman in Lake Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka, and Timothy Mapes in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. "Tsunami Aftermath: Scarred Earth: Will Nature Bounce Back?; Salt Water and Debris Alter Ecosystems Threatening Fields, Reefs and Forests. " Asian Wall Street Journal [New York, N.Y.] 17 Jan. 2005,A.5. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest. Animal Planet News. Slow Recovery for Seal Life. 12 Jan.2005. 30 May 2005. Animal Friends Croatia. Tsunamis killed animals, too! 30 May 2005. Animal Planet News. Tsunamis Destroy Sea Life. 3 Jan. 2005. Animal Planet News. Sri Lankan Wildlife Avoided the Tsunamis. 4 Jan 2005. 30 May 2005. Donaldson-Evans, Catherine. Tsunami Animals: A Sixth Sense? 9 Jan. 2005. 30 May 2005.

A Review of Literature on Juvenile Delinquency Essay

Article: Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents. The most common co-occurring mental health disorder for juveniles is depression and delinquent behaviors. Juvenile depression symptoms were used to predict patterns of age related changes in delinquency. Juveniles especially females who display depressive symptoms are at greater risk of developing and or partaking in delinquent behaviors. Approximately 76% of cases brought to the juvenile courts in the United States of America are adjudicated delinquent. In the United State of America approximately 1,660,700 juveniles are adjudicated delinquent in 2004. Between 40 and 60 percent of juveniles are maltreated. 5-10% of juveniles that have been diagnoses with depression have been found to be six times more likely to commit a delinquent act. 63% of the juveniles have experienced maltreatment in some way. ADHD has not been proven to cause juvenile delinquency. Juveniles that are delinquent have been found to have some type of childhood depression. These juveniles have serious mental help issues. Article: Predicting juvenile delinquency: The nexus of childhood maltreatment, depression and bipolar disorder There is a connection between juveniles with mental health disorders and delinquent behavior. A juvenile diagnosed with depression or bipolar is more likely to commit delinquent behavior. Professional adults who notice symptoms of depression, bipolar, and maltreatment in juveniles and then work with them in some cases can prevent the delinquent behavior. Top two main issues with juveniles are behavior and depression. Female have a higher increase with chances symptoms between the ages of 11-15. As aging happens males tend to have an increase of delinquency and females an increase of depression. Depression is a risk factor for juveniles that can increase delinquent behavior. Delinquent adolescents with mental health problems can suffer from the two most common issues depression and delinquent behavior/conduct. Genetic factors therefore account for approximately 35% of the relation between depressive and delinquency symptoms, but do not inform the temporal ordering of symptom presentation or the potential for using symptoms of one syndrome to predict future symptoms of the other. Specifically, males have the higher rate of reported delinquent behavior in comparison to females. Depression play a huge role in the possible purpose of juveniles becoming delinquent, when the juvenile(s) began to act disruptive on a routine then an evaluation and intervention should be considered. Article: Disentangling the relationship between child maltreatment and violent delinquency Physical abuse of children and or juveniles does not have an effect on whether or not the juvenile will display violent delinquency. Juveniles who have suffered from maltreatment or more likely to participate in violent delinquency. Females who have suffered from maltreatment are just as likely or more likely to participate in delinquent behavior then males. Signs of aggression before age 8-10 has shown higher rate of adult antisocial behavior. Sings of aggression between ages 5-7 is a prediction of frequent drug users. Over the years aggression is believed to stable. Ethnicity can play a role in the aggressiveness of juveniles/adults. Males have aggressive behavior which puts them a high risk for behavior problems, drug use, and delinquent behavior if not addressed. It is reported that there is a higher rate of males using substance from a two parent home, and a lower rate of males coming from a single-parent home. Article: Recidivism in subgroups of serious juvenile offenders: There are four different subgroups of juveniles that were looked at: Property offenders, sex offenders, serious violent offenders, and violent property offenders. Violent property offenders had the highest number of risk factors Recidivism of juveniles was looked at differently due to the low amount of recidivism there is in individuals who commit these crimes. Approximately 2.3 juveniles that are arrested are under the age of 18. 30-50% of juvenile offenders has a recorded disability and is at a higher chance of special education disability. Special education disability / socioeconomic status / criminality in family / and foster care are higher chance of being chronic  offenders in juveniles. Arrest before 14 years are less likely to become adult offenders later in life. The experience of being in a foster care increases the change of delinquency than a juvenile with no family felony. If the juvenile has a family history of criminal behavior the possibly is high that the juvenile will also carry the same behavior. Juvenile that is an offender tends to have more of a special education disability in comparison to someone who is not an offender. It is believed that socioeconomic status could be related to the juvenile offending. Juvenile Delinquency A number of juveniles displaying delinquent behaviors is incredibly high. As of 2001 the amount of individuals under the age of 18 arrested for violent crimes was approximately 2.3 million (Alltucker, Bullis, Close, & Yovanoff, 2006). What role does the environment play in the later juvenile delinquency, and can delinquency be prevented? This paper explores that question using three different themes. First, the various types of abuse and the effect on delinquency are discussed. Second, the link between depression and delinquency is examined. Finally, the importance of recognizing and preventing juvenile delinquency is addressed. Child Abuse and Subsequent Juvenile Delinquency In the United States there are approximately one million children per year are reportedly victims of child abuse. While there is a connection between physical abuse and later violent acts, the article by Yun, Ball, & Lim (2011), contends that sexual abuse and emotional neglect are more significant in predicting future violent and criminal behavior than physical abuse alone. Alltucker, et., al (2006) agree that sexual, physical, and emotional abuse all contribute to some form of delinquent behaviors in juveniles. The article by Mallet, Stoddard Dare, & Seck (2009) indicates that between 40 and 60 percent of sentenced delinquents have been abused or neglected in some form. However, victims of sexual abuse are not likely to become delinquent. It is clear from the literature that maltreatment of children in general has a negative effect on their development, but there is inconsistency in the research as to which form of abuse plays the most important role in delinquency. Depression and Delinquency Due to research increasing public awareness, symptoms of depression and other mental health issues are being noticed at a younger age. Young people displaying symptoms of depression are likely to experience academic problems as well as substance abuse issues. These are a few behaviors considered as delinquent. Depressed adolescents may express their frustrations through behaving aggressively and breaking the rules in their home environment. Consequently these behaviors cause conflict with parents or guardians and can eventually lead to involvement in delinquent acts. (Kofler, et al., 2011). Mallet, et al (2006) reported between 40 and 70 percent of incarcerated juvenile offenders suffered from emotional and behavioral problems prior to arrest. In fact, compared to general offenders, 46 percent of juvenile offenders are reported as having shown signs of depression or other emotional difficulties (Alltucker, et al., 2006). Symptoms of depression and delinquency covary and diagnoses co-occur often enough that it cannot be contributed to chance. Over 30 percent of young people meeting the criteria for depressive disorder also meet criteria for a conduct disorder. In addition, over 50 percent of adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder also exhibit the symptoms that meet criteria for depression (Kofler, et al., 2006). Identifying and Preventing Delinquency Being able to recognize who is at risk of delinquent behavior is the first step towards prevention. Identifying risk factors in children is imperative in preventing juveniles from becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Also, it enables practitioners and therapists to notice which children are most at risk and what type of measures are necessary in preventing delinquency (Mallet, et al., 2006). Intervening before the juvenile reaches the age of adulthood and becomes a chronic criminal is a major goal in place to protect the rest of society. One of the predictors of being a lifetime offender is what age the juvenile is upon his or her first arrest. In 2001, the amount of people arrested for violent crimes were under the age of 18 (Alltucker, et al., 2006). A review of an article by O’Donnell, Hawkins, & Abbott (1995) states there can be an early onset of aggression in children between the ages of 8-10. Aggression at this age puts the child at higher risk of severe juv enile delinquency and also  antisocial behavior in adulthood. Conclusion Upon reviewing the literature it is apparent that abuse, neglect, and mental health problems all play a role in juveniles becoming delinquent. Current research on this pressing and difficult issue is only a small portion of a vast range of theories about delinquency. Delinquency in juveniles is a dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal factors. References Alltucker, K. W., Bullis, M., Close, D., & Yovanoff, P. (2006). Different pathways to juvenile delinquency: Characteristics of early and late starters in a sample of previously incarcerated youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(4), 479-492. Kofler, M. J., McCart, M. R., Zajac, K., Ruggiero, K. J., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 458-469. Mallet, C. A., Stoddard Dare, P., & Seck, M. M. (2009). Predicting juvenile delinquency: The nexus of childhood maltreatment, depression and bipolar disorder. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 22(2), 235-246. Yun, I., Ball, J. D., & Lim, H. (2011). Disentangling the relationship between child maltreatment and violent delinquency: Using a nationally representative sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 88-110.

Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion

Brian Toohey Biology Mrs. Heimforth 12/06/10 Diffuse the Osmosis Section 2: Introduction Step 1: The scientific concept of this lab was to see how osmosis transferred the substance through the cells to reach equilibrium. Step 2: My hypothesis was that the bag with 60% sucrose then it would be heavier than the bag with tap water or 30% sucrose. I thought this because I thought that there would be more of a substance change in 60% sucrose. Section 3: Methods First get 3 pieces of the same length of tubing then get 6 pieces of string. Fold one half of the tube over and tie the end with string.Then add 5 ml of 30% sucrose solution in the tubes. Squeeze the bag gently to release air fold it over and tie it with another piece of string. Rinse bags under water then dry. Then weigh bags to nearest tenth of a gram and record. Then place one bag in each of the beakers. Then let them sit for 30 minutes do not touch. Remove bags quickly rinse and dry and reweigh. Then record results. Section 4: Results Step 1: | 60% sucrose | 30% sucrose | Tap Water | before | 6. 2 | 4. 6 | 5. 4 | after | 4. 3 | 4. 5 | 4. 8 | Step 2: As the sucrose decreases so does the weight.I have found that when you decrease the amount of sucrose it will cause the water to go outward making the bag weigh less. Section 5: Step 1: The lab experimentation did not support my hypothesis because the weight decreased more with the sucrose. Step 2: The specific data that made my hypothesis wrong is the fact that when we added less sucrose the after weight decreased as shown in my graph. Step 3: The results did not support my hypothesis because when the water was greater on the inside it went outside by using osmosis but when the water was greater on the outside it went inside making the bag heavier.Step 4: When we were conducting the experiment one bag might have sat in the cups to long. Step 5: I have learned that water is the only thing that can be sent through the cell without using energy. I also learned t hat through diffusion smell spreads. Step 6: I learned that it is very hard to keep track of things you don't label it takes a lot of memory. ;)Section 6: References Postlehwait, John H. , and Janet L. Hopson. Modern Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, 2006. 65-73. Print